ABSTRACT
Patients who cannot consume food may need intestinal formulas as a supplement. Now the question is: to what extent do the current formulas contain various micronutrients? What are their deficiencies and what supplements are needed to be prescribed with them? The current study was done in 2011 and assessed the efficiency of the amount of nutrients in the formulas, along with presenting some protocols to complete various industrial formulas within different amounts of calorie intake using different types of multivitamins and minerals, regarding the DRI value and the least cost. The study was done using the descriptive method. The intestinal formulas assessed include: diabetic enteramil, HN enteramil, standard enteramil, Nutricomp's Energy, Fiber D, Intensive, Standard and Ensure. First we calculated the amount of micronutrients in 100 calories of these formulas according to the brochure of the product. Then we calculated the least amount of required calorie to meet the DRI for all nutrients and considered some supplements to meet all nutrients for each calorie level while not exceeding UL. Eight formulas which were available in Iran were studied. The most deficiencies of micronutrients were found in sodium, potassium, Vitamin D, manganese, magnesium, Vitamin K, and Fluor. The least deficiencies were found in Vitamins B, A, and E. The supplements most used are Centrum multivitamins, Vitamin K injections, Calcium D pills, salt, sulfate vials, magnesium, potassium chloride, and tea. The intestinal formulas available in Iran lack micronutrients in various calorie Intake levels; because the calorie estimated for each patient is less than the amount of calorie needed to meet the nutrients needed. Therefore consuming these formulas without the required supplements might be a concernment. Studying the causes and necessary actions is recommended
ABSTRACT
This study assesses the accuracy of energy intake [El] reporting and its relation to anthropometric characteristics and sociodemographic factors. In addition, we attempt to identify foods for which under- or over-reporting is more prevalent. El was assessed for 187 women using a semi-quantitative 168-item food frequency questionnaire [FFQ]. Resting metabolic ate [RMR] was measured with an indirect calorimeter. We calculated the EI/RMR ratio to assess the accuracy of El reporting. This study defined under-reporters as those with an El/RMR of /= 2.4. We measured anthropometric characteristics and collected sociodemographic information. The chi-square test, ANOVA and multiple linear regressions were used or statistical analyses. Among participants, the under-reporting rate was 35.5% and the over-reporting rate was 7.5%. The El/RMR ratio was significantly higher for younger women compared to older women [P < 0.04]. Under-reporters had higher weight, waist circumference [WC], body mass index [BMI] and resting metabolism compared to accurate reporters [P < 0.05]. Resting metabolism was significantly lower among over-reporters than accurate reporters. After adjusting for energy, the consumption of fish, high-fat dairy products, hydrogenated oil, sweets and coffee was lower, whereas consumption of unsaturated oils, tea, salt and yellow vegetables was higher among under-reporters compared to accurate reporters. Under-reporting of El is more frequent than over-reporting among Iranian women. Among various factors that may affect the accuracy of El reporting, age and anthropometric characteristics might have a significant effect